Asperger’s Syndrome, currently part of the Autism Spectrum, according to the DSM5, does not involve missing neurons but reflects differences in neural structure and connectivity. This article explores key brain regions and neural systems affected, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and mirror neuron system, highlighting their roles in social behaviour, sensory processing, and emotional regulation.

Asperger’s Syndrome, which is now generally considered part of the autism spectrum, does not involve missing neurons. Instead, it is associated with differences in how neurons and neural circuits are structured and function. These differences can affect communication, sensory processing, and social interactions.

Contents

Key Neural Differences

Key neural differences linked to Asperger’s/autism spectrum conditions include:

Synaptic Connectivity

• Individuals may have differences in the density and connectivity of synapses (connections between neurons). Some studies suggest either hyperconnectivity (too many connections) in certain brain areas or hypoconnectivity (too few connections) in others.

Specific Brain Regions

• Amygdala: May function differently, impacting emotional regulation and the interpretation of social signals.
• Prefrontal Cortex: Plays a role in decision-making, planning, and social behavior. Differences here might affect executive functioning.
• Temporal Lobes and Fusiform Gyrus: These regions, involved in facial recognition and processing social information, may function atypically.
• Cerebellum: May show differences, contributing to challenges with motor coordination.

Mirror Neuron System

• The mirror neuron system, which is thought to be important for understanding others’ intentions and imitating behavior, might function differently. This could contribute to challenges with empathy and social reciprocity.

Over- or Under-Pruning in Neural Development

• During early development, the brain undergoes a process of synaptic pruning to eliminate excess neurons and connections. Differences in this process might lead to atypical neural patterns.

Differences in Neurotransmitters

• Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate have been observed, potentially affecting mood, attention, and learning.

Conclusion

It’s essential to note that Asperger’s is not a “deficiency” of neurons or brain function but a variation in neurodevelopment. These differences often bring strengths, such as exceptional focus, pattern recognition, and problem-solving skills, alongside the challenges they present. Understanding and supporting these neurodivergent traits is key to fostering inclusion and thriving for individuals on the spectrum.